Support for youth in military families can boost mental health

Youth in military families need support from parents and peers to maintain a healthy mental well-being, according to a new study.

Researchers found these relationships are connected to adolescents’ abilities to utilize adaptive coping skills, such as problem-solving and self-reliance, which in turn promote their well-being.

The potential to have a parent deployed overseas, regular moves, and other obstacles make adolescence a particularly challenging time for young people in military families.

“Relationships are important for all youth and for military youth in particular,” says Evin Richardson, corresponding author of the study and an assistant research scientist in the University of Georgia’s College of Family and Consumer Sciences.

“For military youth who are highly transitional, relationships may be a little bit more challenging for them—especially non-familial relationships—because their community often changes so frequently.”

By fostering connections both in and out of the home, military youth can have the stable support they need to better focus on their own self-efficacy and long-term mental health.

Researchers analyzed responses of more than 1,000 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 with at least one active-duty military parent. The youth were asked to identify supportive relationships in their lives and to rate their engagement in school, their confidence and any feelings of depression or anxiety.

Of their non-family relationships, the researchers found that nearly 65% of participants felt most supported in their personal lives by their peers, including friends and boyfriends or girlfriends.

Over half of adolescents identified their mother as their primary source of familial support. This could be, the researchers says, due to parent gender or military status since most fathers identified as service members and mothers were typically civilians.

The transitions military youth experience can separate them from extended family, friends and trusted adults including coaches or teachers, so recreating these social networks is key to their well-being.

“Building strong family relationships is important but so is building strong relationships outside the family,” says Catherine Walker O’Neal, coauthor of the study and an associate professor in UGA’s department of human development and family science.

“Does someone care about you? Do they listen to you? Do they understand you? That is the heart of what this paper is about.”

A key finding of the study is the link between relationships, adaptive coping, and mental health.

Supportive relationships provided youth with repeated, meaningful encounters with role models and peers who demonstrated positive ways to cope with stress and emotions. These relationships may also function as safe spaces for adolescents to put aside their worries about external challenges, such as upcoming relocations or possible feelings of isolation. They could instead focus more on building self-sufficiency, managing their stress, and nurturing their own optimism.

O’Neal says some of the ways to reinforce adaptive coping as a mentor would be to model behaviors that encourage compromising, working hard, and talking things out.

“Demonstrating those behaviors and setting up situations so that they can engage in that is a big part of adaptive coping,” she says.

“It’s important that they know how to cope on their own but also that they know it’s OK to ask for help from the people in their lives, both inside and outside of their family.”

Youth who reported higher coping levels were also more engaged in school, had a greater belief in their ability to handle life’s hurdles and had fewer symptoms of depression.

Because military moves come with many unknowns, having areas in kids’ lives that can be positively influenced through quality relationships are important.

Encouraging adolescents to participate in extracurricular activities, both on and off military bases, could help kids build these key connections. Efforts by parents to spend time with their kids while getting involved in the local community are also a good idea, Richardson says.

“Meet adolescents where they are,” she says. “We don’t want to force anybody to go be social if they don’t want to but help them find where their interests might align with someone else’s interests. Start small or look at doing things as a family.”

The study appears in Children and Youth Services Review.

Source: University of Georgia

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Listen: Experts sort quantum tech hype from reality

In a new podcast, scientists demystify quantum, separate hype from reality, and explore potential applications—from cybersecurity to medical sensors to computers.

Quantum technology is at a pivotal moment. No longer the faraway dream of scientists, the field is rapidly developing across the world, fueled by major investments from governments, industry, and universities racing to lead its promising future.

But what exactly is quantum technology? And how will it affect our lives today—and in the coming decades?

In a new episode of the Big Brains podcast, three renowned scientists—Professor David Awschalom, Fred Chong, and Nadya Mason—discuss how the University Chicago is leading innovative research, in partnership with its affiliated labs Argonne and Fermilab, as well as other universities across the Midwest.

They explain how quantum has the potential to revolutionize our world—from creating unhackable communications to supercharging quantum computers to detecting disease at the cellular level.

They discuss the challenges as well as the opportunities, especially for the next generation of quantum engineers and scientists needed to make these dreams a reality.

The event also included a Q&A with audience members. Watch video of the full event or listen below:

Source: University of Chicago

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Vaccine shows promise against aggressive brain cancer

A new clinical trial has found that a personalized vaccine to treat glioblastoma is safe and could potentially improve outcomes.

In patients with an especially aggressive form of glioblastoma, the vaccine caused no serious side effects and prolonged patients’ overall survival compared to historical outcomes after standard-of-care surgery and chemo-radiotherapy. One long-term survivor remains recurrence-free nearly five years later.

“We are extremely encouraged by these results.”

The results of the phase 1 trial, conducted at Siteman Cancer Center, based at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University in St. Louis Medicine, appear in Nature Cancer.

The study was led jointly by Mass General Brigham and Geneos Therapeutics, a Philadelphia-based biotechnology company.

“We are extremely encouraged by these results,” says Tanner M. Johanns, lead author of the study and an assistant professor in the Division of Oncology in the medicine department at WashU Medicine.

“This kind of vaccine is a first for glioblastoma, and it is exciting to think how we can leverage this individualized therapeutic DNA cancer vaccine platform to make a positive impact on the lives of patients who are fighting this disease. Additionally, combination therapies leveraging this personalized platform are currently being investigated at WashU to test if outcomes may be improved further.”

The novel treatment uses engineered DNA molecules designed to stimulate the patient’s immune system against the cancer. Each patient’s tumor has unique proteins specific to that tumor, and this vaccine activates the patient’s immune system to recognize those proteins and eliminate the tumor cells.

Johanns says that although some immunotherapies targeting glioblastoma have shown promise in previous studies, they ultimately are ineffective in significantly delaying or preventing recurrence. That’s likely because glioblastoma can evolve and escape immune attack, but Johanns’ vaccine was designed to help the immune system recognize many different targets on cancer cells. So even if the tumor loses several of these targets, the vaccine is still able to generate responses to many others.

Additionally, glioblastoma is termed a “cold” tumor, meaning that the tumor environment is able to hide from the immune system. The cancer vaccine that was used in this trial, developed by Geneos Therapeutics, transforms cold tumors into “hot” tumors that are then susceptible to immune-mediated eradication. The vaccine is thus able to improve the patient’s immune response by targeting proteins on the cancer cell and by making the environment within the tumor more favorable to immune activation.

“We chose a DNA-based platform because it would allow us an opportunity to target more cancer proteins than any vaccine had targeted before,” says Johanns, who treats patients at Siteman and is a research member there.

“Our thinking was that if we could generate a broader range of immune responses against those proteins then it may lead to a more potent vaccine compared to other vaccine platforms with more limited protein targets.”

This DNA-based vaccine platform was able to activate each patient’s immune system to seek out as many as 40 cancer proteins specific to each patient’s tumor—twice as many as had been targeted by any cancer vaccine therapy to date.

More targets, more chances for success

The vaccine in the study, called GNOS-PV01, targets so-called neoantigens—proteins unique to an individual patient’s cancer cells that their immune cells can recognize. The neoantigens were identified and selected using an algorithm developed at WashU Medicine by computational biologists and coauthors Obi Griffith, a professor of medicine, and Malachi Griffith, an associate professor of medicine, both in the Division of Oncology and research members at Siteman. Johanns and his colleagues selected neoantigens from different regions of a patient’s tumor, a method they incorporated to further increase the number of cancer cell proteins targeted by the vaccine.

A vaccine platform using a different DNA-based technology developed for breast cancer by coauthor William Gillanders, a professor of surgery at WashU Medicine who treats patients at Siteman, inspired the idea to bring Geneos’ GNOS-PV01 vaccine to WashU Medicine for use against glioblastoma, Johanns says.

The trial enrolled nine adult patients who had been recently diagnosed with glioblastoma. All patients were treated at Siteman Cancer Center. The team prepared a synthetic DNA molecule encoding the unique information for each patient’s tumor neoantigens. The vaccine was manufactured at the Biologic Therapy Core Facility at Siteman during the patient’s post-operative recovery and subsequent radiation treatment.

The vaccine injections started, on average, 10 weeks after the patient’s surgery and were administered every three weeks for a nine-week period, and then every nine weeks thereafter as long as patients were able to participate. All participants, except one who was taking an immune-suppressing steroid, showed an increase in immune-cell activity indicating a response to the vaccine intervention.

Two-thirds of the patients had no progression of their cancer six months out from their surgeries, and two-thirds survived one year. Typically, around 40% of glioblastoma patients reach either milestone.

One-third of the participants were still alive after two years, which is twice the historical survival rate for this patient population. One participant is still alive and recurrence-free today, almost five years after her initial diagnosis.

An investment in the future

Kim Garland is a retired school nurse who lives in Kirkwood, Missouri, with Scott, her husband of 31 years. In June 2021, at age 62, Kim was volunteering at a youth camp in Ironton, Missouri, when her daughter-in-law, also volunteering at the same camp, noticed that Kim was struggling with confusion and forgetfulness, as well as headaches that would come and go throughout the day.

“I was forgetting things, things that should have been very obvious,” says Kim.

A scan at a local hospital’s emergency room back in St. Louis revealed a 6.5-centimeter mass in Kim’s brain—about the size of a small avocado. Within the week, Albert Kim, a professor of neurological surgery at WashU Medicine, director of the Brain Tumor Center at Siteman, and coauthor of the study, performed the initial surgery to remove her tumor. The grim diagnosis of grade 4 glioblastoma came after the tumor was removed.

When offered the opportunity to participate in a clinical trial, Kim Garland agreed in hopes that her participation would improve future treatments. After receiving this prognosis, both Kim and Scott did not expect that she would be alive with no recurrence nearly five years after her initial diagnosis.

“We know we are fortunate to have the kind of care that Kim has been able to receive, just a 30-minute drive from our home,” Scott says. “We see many other patients who are traveling long distances for their treatments. Having this level of care and treatment so close to home has been a huge blessing.”

With the support of their team, the couple have gained the confidence to make longer-term plans, including a long-delayed vacation this summer and spending quality time with their children and 15 grandchildren—a big change from the week-by-week life they were living in the aftermath of Kim’s initial diagnosis.

“Cancer vaccines have a long history, and the development of personalized neoantigen-targeting therapeutic vaccines now represents a highly compelling approach in glioblastoma and in other cancers,” says co-senior author Gavin Dunn, a neurosurgical oncologist at Mass General Brigham Cancer Institute.

“These programs require a high degree of integrated teamwork, and we are fortunate to have collaborated with many dedicated team members in this effort.”

Kim Garland’s cancer, along with those of the other patients in the trial, was an unmethylated MGMT subtype of glioblastoma, which is particularly hard to treat because it is not responsive to available treatment options such as chemotherapy. Johanns says the next step is to assess the vaccine’s efficacy in a larger group of patients, and to expand the treatment to all types of glioblastomas. The goal of Johanns and his team is to improve the vaccine response to ensure that more patients can experience benefits like those experienced by Kim Garland.

The knowledge that their participation in the trial has potentially advanced care is a comfort to the Garlands, who still need to steel themselves before each follow-up appointment, out of concern that Kim’s tumor could yet return.

“What we’re hopeful for is that through research like this, someday, when another person hears the words ‘you have glioblastoma’ as their diagnosis, it will not cause as much anxiety,” says Scott.

“Maybe, they will be told ‘this is the cancer you have, but it is very treatable.’ We are fortunate and blessed to be at the right place and at the right time, to be part of this clinical trial and have a small part in the battle against this terrible disease.”

Funding for this study came from the Mark Foundation for Cancer Research Momentum Fellowship, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the Nationwide Foundation Pediatric Innovation Fund, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center Investment Program along with The Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, The Schnuck Family Fund, and The Knight and Christopher Davidson Family Fund.

Additional study support for development, manufacture, and administration of the treatment and monitoring of the immune responses was provided by Geneos Therapeutics. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Source: Washington University in St. Louis

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Pay-to-play system keeps a lot of kids out of soccer

Linking sports to childhood education leads to unequal resource distribution, a new study says.

Every season, families spend thousands of dollars on youth sports in fees, travel, uniforms, and other expenses.

University of Georgia senior Gabriella Etienne experienced that life, competing for a club soccer team in Cherokee County.

While parents complain about the costs and headaches of this system, it has rarely been studied critically by scholars. How did this expensive system arise, and what are its impacts on talent development?

New research from UGA’s Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication presented evidence that the youth sports system is a market response to the American system of linking sports to education. Etienne interviewed executive directors and heads of coaching at four elite Georgia clubs, as well as officials at Georgia Soccer’s state office for the study.

“Virtually no other country tries to do sport development through schools in the way the United States does,” says Welch Suggs, coauthor of the paper and associate director of the Carmical Sports Media Institute at the Grady College.

Schools are funded unequally, and the resources available to an athlete depend heavily on geography and economic class. Elite, privatized club systems developed in response to this disparity, offering quality coaching and competitive schedules for a hefty price tag.

Playing for a private sporting club can cost anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000 annually once league registration and fees are factored in. This commodified “pay-to-play” structure prevents many talented players from low-income families from accessing the training and resources they need to advance as players, the researchers say.

Suggs and Etienne found that barriers to entry also exist beyond finances.

Time is money, and families with working parents often can’t carve out entire weekends to travel 100 or more miles away to tournaments. Athletes from lower-income families may not have reliable transportation to practices and games. Tryouts posted only in English unintentionally exclude non-English speaking players.

Some clubs award scholarships for talented players from underserved communities, but these isolated efforts only go so far in addressing broader infrastructural issues, the researchers say.

There may be options for young players across the country, but it starts with overcoming the competitive instincts baked into the American sports market, Suggs says.

Programs are inherently wired to battle against each other—for players, resources, and wins on the pitch—but seizing opportunities to collaborate could mitigate some of these challenges.

Better access to collaborative scholarships to address existing barriers could be a start.

“If we can find ways to come together and establish a pathway that we’re all decided on,” Etienne says, “that might be a way to have more success and let more people be involved in the game.”

The study appears in the Journal of Policy History and is part of a broader research project on soccer in Georgia. Suggs plans to include the work in a book tentatively titled Georgia and the Beautiful Game, under contract with the University of Georgia Press.

Source: University of Georgia

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Awe-inspiring nature helps people connect to science

When people engage in participatory science activities that involve awe-inspiring natural phenomena, such as an eclipse, they more closely identify with science and feel a greater sense of belonging, according to a new study.

Participatory science, also called citizen science, refers to projects in which members of the public contribute to the scientific process.

“Participatory sciences have led to many discoveries that scientists couldn’t have made on their own,” says Caren Cooper, coauthor of a paper on the work and a professor of forestry and environmental resources at North Carolina State University.

“Another great thing is that, by making observations, participants not only change what’s known, they change in personal ways too.”

“Although research has shown that engaging in participatory science increases the way people relate to science, there has been very little work on why,” says Kelly Lynn Mulvey, corresponding author of the paper and a professor of psychology at NC State.

“We wanted to explore that area and also evaluate whether awe is a mechanism that changes the way people involved in participatory science projects think of themselves with regard to science.”

The researchers focused on two concepts that are considered important for understanding how we can broaden science participation: science identity and science belonging. Science identity is the extent to which people see science as being part of who they are. Science belonging is the extent to which people feel like they fit in when engaged in science-related activities.

For this study, the researchers developed a participatory science project and worked with 528 people, ages 8 to 80, who volunteered to record the behavior of animals during the day of the total solar eclipse that traversed North America in 2024. Participants also completed a detailed survey designed to capture their sense of awe during the eclipse, their feelings of science belonging, and how their sense of science identity changed after making animal behavior observations.

“First of all, we saw increases in science identity and belonging for study participants who took part in this project,” Mulvey says. “We also found that awe played a powerful role.”

The researchers measured the role of awe and examined if participants felt more or less awe depending on whether they saw a partial eclipse or the totality—in which the sun was completely eclipsed.

“Participants who witnessed the totality reported significantly greater awe,” Mulvey says. “And the greater the sense of awe that people reported, the greater the reported increase in science identity and belonging.”

Another interesting aspect of the findings involved animal behavior. Study participants were given online training to identify animal behaviors, but were not experts in animal behavior. Thus, participants recorded behaviors before, during and after the eclipse, and the research team deduced whether and to what extent the behaviors changed.

“Once the observed activities were analyzed, we found that the sense of awe was greater for those study participants who also recorded unusual behavior by animals—even if the study participants didn’t realize they were recording unusual behavior,” says Mulvey.

“One exciting take-away here is that even a single experience can lead to meaningful changes in how you identify with science and whether you feel like you belong when engaging with science,” says Mulvey.

“These changes in science identity and belonging didn’t require formal training or participation in a long-term study.

“It was also remarkable that everyone from small children to older adults felt a sense of awe and had an increased sense of science identity and belonging,” says Mulvey.

“The big takeaway here is that doing science during an awesome experience made people feel more connected to science,” says Adam Hartstone-Rose, coauthor of the paper and a professor of biological sciences at NC State.

“We think it’s important to get people engaged with STEM fields, and anything we can do to increase feelings of identity and belonging with regard to science is valuable.”

“It’s also worth noting that you don’t need a solar eclipse to feel awe,” Mulvey says.

“Small moments of awe can occur in your own neighborhood. And there are a wide variety of participatory science projects that people can connect with. For example, our project was hosted on SciStarter—and you can find thousands of other participatory science opportunities there.”

The paper appears in the journal People and Nature.

Additional coauthors are from NC State, the New York Institute of Technology, and Illinois State University.

Source: North Carolina State University

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How to protect kids against ticks this summer

An expert has answers for parents and caregivers as children head outdoors during tick season.

Sending kids outside for warm-weather activities like camps or youth sports doesn’t need to include tick bites. Bites from nymph-stage deer ticks carrying Borrelia burgdorferi, or borrelia bacteria, cause Lyme disease. Those tiny arachnids thrive in wooded areas, tall grass, and brush, especially in early summer.

Ticks go through three life stages: larva, nymph, and adult. Nymphs are responsible for most human infections because they are tiny and harder to detect, though adult ticks can also spread Lyme disease into the fall.

Lyme affects 475,000 people in the United States each year. While most cases can be treated with antibiotics, about 10 to 20% of people infected develop ongoing symptoms including fatigue, brain fog, and joint and muscle pain lasting months or years.

A vaccine to protect against Lyme disease is in the final stages of development from Pfizer.

“The hope is that that vaccine will get approved in the next year or so and may become an option, but it’s a difficult vaccine to use because it requires three to four doses,” says Linden Hu, a professor in immunology at Tufts University School of Medicine and co-director of the Tufts Lyme Disease Initiative.

For now, the best medicine is prevention. Hu explains how to keep kids safe this season.

Shower after outdoor activities

The good news: Ticks often crawl around the body before attaching to skin. A shower right after potential exposures to ticks can wash them off before they attach.

“Before they take that bite, they’re really easy to wash off in the shower. It’s one of the most effective and easy things kids can do,” Hu says.

Conduct nightly tick checks

Deer ticks are reddish-brown and oval-shaped. Hu recommends checking common hiding spots like behind the ears, under arms, around waistbands, behind knees, and along the scalp. Do this every night, since ticks do not usually transmit Lyme disease if they are attached for less than 48 hours.

Remove ticks with tweezers

If you spot one, grab the tick close to the skin and pull gently upward. Hu warns against yanking too hard.

“Sometimes you end up decapitating the tick,” he says.

If this happens, don’t panic.

“The tick head will eventually come out. You don’t need to go in there digging for it,” he says.

Use DEET-based bug spray

DEET-containing insect repellents can help keep ticks from biting, but they require regular reapplication. Follow the instructions on the product label.

Dress kids in permethrin-treated clothing

Reduce reliance on bug spray by buying permethrin-treated socks, shoes, and clothes. Permethrin is an acaricide that kills ticks before they attach. Best of all, the treatment has staying power.

“Permethrin lasts a long time, pretty much the life of the clothing if done commercially, especially for children since they outgrow clothes so fast. They usually last about 70 washes or so,” Hu says.

You can also spray permethrin onto untreated clothes yourself, though that lasts just three to five washes. Permethrin is toxic to cats, so keep the spray and wet-treated items away from them (dry-treated clothing is fine).

Know that not every tick carries Lyme disease

Tick infection rates vary widely, and many bites never lead to harm. “It’s very variable: Rates vary from as low as 5% to 50% of ticks, and not every tick bite transmits Lyme disease,” Hu explains.

Watch for unusual rashes

A Lyme rash, or erythema migrans rash, often appears between three and 30 days after a tick bite as an expanding red oval or circular patch. In children, rashes commonly appear on the head and neck, likely because kids are closer to the ground.

Although Lyme disease is often associated with a “bull’s-eye” rash, Hu says that presentation occurs only about 30% of the time.

“It’s more commonly just an oval, homogeneous red rash,” he says.

Unlike a typical tick-bite reaction, which is usually small and fades quickly, an erythema migrans rash continues expanding over time and can become quite large. Clinicians generally look for a rash at least 5 centimeters wide to strongly suggest Lyme disease, Hu explains. Fever, fatigue, headaches, joint pain, or a growing rash after a tick bite should prompt an immediate doctor’s visit.

If untreated, the infection can spread beyond the skin to the heart, nervous system, and joints, potentially causing conditions including meningitis, carditis, and arthritis.

Post-exposure prevention is available

“If a kid has a tick bite, and it looks like it’s engorged and feeding for more than 48 hours, you can take a single dose of the doxycycline as a preventative,” he says.

Treatment

Finally, if your child is unlucky enough to get Lyme disease despite all this, early antibiotic treatment can prevent complications. In kids, Lyme is typically treated with oral antibiotics such as doxycycline and amoxicillin.

Source: Tufts

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New drug works against diseases like measles and croup

Researchers have developed a new oral antiviral drug candidate for the treatment of diseases caused by orthoparamyxoviruses, such as measles and croup syndrome, according to a new study.

The study in the journal Science Advances identified clinical candidate GHP-88310 for urgently needed, improved orthoparamyxovirus disease management in rodent and non-rodent animal models of infection.

Orthoparamyxoviruses, such as human parainfluenzaviruses, measles virus, and emerging henipaviruses, pose a significant threat to human health.

“We developed GHP-88310 to treat orthoparamyxovirus infections,” says Carolin Lieber, a senior postdoctoral fellow in the Center for Translational Antiviral Research in the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State University and lead author of the study.

“GHP-88310 is the most promising inhibitor of this virus family that we have encountered in years of research.”

For this study, the researchers focused initially on human parainfluenzavirus type 3 as the primary clinical indication for drug development. Older adults, immunocompromised individuals, and adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are at great risk of life-threatening parainfluenzavirus pneumonia, with an estimated 3 million cases a year in the US requiring treatment.

There are no vaccines or therapeutics available to manage the disease. A secondary indication of GHP-88310 is measles, which has resurged in recent months with major outbreaks in large regions of the US, Mexico, and Canada.

“Re-emerging orthoparamyxoviruses such as the parainfluenzaviruses and measles virus are a major threat to children and vulnerable groups such as the immunocompromised,” says Richard Plemper, director of the Center for Translational Antiviral Research and senior author of the study.

“We specifically designed this drug discovery program to address the medical needs of these patient groups.”

To identify GHP-88310, the research team launched a large high-throughput drug screening campaign, identified and optimized an early generation lead, and characterized GHP-88310 in different animal model and human airway organoid cultures.

Exciting features of GHP-88310 include that the compound is very effective against a broad spectrum of orthoparamyxovirus disease when taken once daily by mouth, is well tolerated at very high concentrations in rodents and higher mammals, and has a high barrier against viral escape from inhibition in animals.

“High potency and excellent tolerability ensure a very wide safety margin, which is essential for a drug candidate developed for the treatment of highly vulnerable patient groups and children,” Plemper says.

Additional authors of the study are from the Center for Translational Antiviral Research in the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State, the Emory Institute for Drug Development at Emory University, and the University of Washington Medical Center.

Funding for the study came from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.

Source: Georgia State University

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