Why it matters how fruit flies make new neurons

New research describes the activation of dormant neural stem cells in fruit flies and the generation of new neurons.

The findings could potentially help people with brain injury or neuronal loss, if similar mechanisms apply in humans.

In a paper in PLOS Biology, the research team from Duke-NUS Medical School describes the process and molecules involved in reactivating fruit flies’ (also known by their scientific name, Drosophila) dormant neural stem cells, which can activate and generate new neurons. The ability of neural stem cells to switch from their dormant state and begin to proliferate is crucial in the brain. Until now, very little has been known about how dormant neural stem cells become active.

Associate professor Wang Hongyan, deputy director of Duke-NUS’ Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, and colleagues investigated what factors are at play in developing Drosophila brains at the larval stage.

They discovered that a protein complex called CRL4 is essential for the reactivation of neural stem cells as it downregulates a pathway that normally keeps neural stem cells in the dormant state. They saw that CRL4 forms a protein complex with the tumor suppressor Warts, a core component of the pathway, and that CRL4 targets Warts for degradation to trigger reactivation.

The ability to awaken dormant neural stem cells could stimulate new neurons to compensate for brain injury or the neuronal loss seen in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. Future work is required to confirm that CRL4 and the pathway it regulates works in a similar manner in mammalian brains.

“Mutations of human Cullin4B, a core component of the CRL4 complex, are associated with mental retardation and cortical malformations,” says Wang, who is lead author of the study. “Our work identifies the mechanisms behind CRL4 in fruit fly brain development and we plan to conduct further research to see if the same proteins are in play in mammals.

“Ultimately, our hope is that greater understanding and stimulation of these cells could eventually lead to therapeutic treatment of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.”

Professor Patrick Casey, senior vice dean for research at Duke-NUS, adds, “The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s, is projected to increase in Singapore and worldwide in the coming decades, in tandem with increasingly aging populations. Basic science research to better understand how the brain works, such as this study, is critical to developing new therapeutic strategies to enhance care for such diseases.”

Source: Duke-NUS Medical School

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