Nanoparticles enter living cells to gather cancer clues

A new imaging technique sends nanoparticles into living cells to reveal important information about cell structure—including how tumor cells physically change as they form a tumor.

The technique captures mechanical properties in living subjects that probe fundamental relationships between physics and in vivo (in a living organism) biology. The results appear in the journal Materials Today.

“We engineered the ability to measure and quantify the nanomechanical properties of individual living cells within the body of a living animal for the first time,” says Bryan Smith, associate professor of biomedical engineering at Michigan State University, who worked with colleagues to develop the particles.

Researchers used an early tumor (tumor cells in green) with nanoparticles (in orange) in it to quantify the mechanical properties using microrheology. The first image is from a video taken within a living mouse and the inset shows individual tumor cells and nanoparticles at a higher resolution. (Credit: Michigan State)

In a study earlier this year, Smith and his team designed nanoparticles that helped “eat” away atherosclerosis, the plaque buildup in arteries that can lead to heart attack. The particles selectively entered immune system cells known as macrophages, delivering a drug instructing cells to devour the harmful plaques.

Now, Smith and his colleagues have created a technique using different nanoparticles that they can embed into various cell types, including cancerous breast cells, in live animals. Analyzing how the particles move within the cell can reveal a lot about its internal physical properties.

“I hope one day we’ll be able to treat the physics of metastasis. But, we must first understand the mechanics…”

“There previously existed no method to examine mechanical properties in living subjects—for example, in mammals—with high spatial resolution,” Smith says. “Such techniques promise to open entirely new avenues of inquiry for both disease diagnosis and treatment.”

The mechanical properties of biological tissues have been known to play a major role in many disease states, including heart disease, inflammation, and cancer, as well as normal physiology such as cell migration and organism development. In the current study, Smith and his team used nanoparticles to first compare the mechanical properties between cells in culture—both standard 2D and 3D—and in live animals.

Tracking the movement of the nanoparticles revealed that the environment in which the cells are observed greatly affects their mechanical properties—which could mean that certain cell models may not be such valid representations of live animals.

“This tells cancer scientists interested in cancer mechanics that 2D conditions may poorly replicate, and that certain 3D conditions get substantially closer, to mimicking conditions within the live mouse,” Smith says.

The next part of the experiment looked at what actually happens to the internal structure of cancer cells as they begin to form tumors. Previous methods couldn’t answer the question because they were too invasive to test in living subjects.

Again, observing the movement of the nanoparticles within the cells, the team measured how “compliant,” or soft, the cells were. Importantly, they found that normal cells’ pliability remained steady over time, but as cancer cells formed a tumor over the period of a week, they stiffened.

“We found that as a tumor begins to form in a living mouse, individual tumor cells mechanically stiffen. This is a fundamental finding which is ultimately likely to have implications for cancer spread (metastasis) and tumor lethality,” Smith says.

The research has a number of promising applications in medicine. One of these is simply evaluating which cell culture methods are enough like living organisms to provide meaningful information. Another is measuring the cell mechanical properties of common biological functions, including organ development, in living organisms.

Perhaps the most exciting application may be in disease diagnosis and treatment, Smith says. Nanoparticles might be used to monitor the health of cells and the types of changes they undergo in disease processes—and may even alter that course.

Smith and his colleagues plan to look at the formation and dissemination of cancer metastases, which cause about 90% of cancer deaths.

“I hope one day we’ll be able to treat the physics of metastasis,” he says. “But, we must first understand the mechanics and how changing them impacts cell behavior. We’re now looking into this.”

Collaborators on the study are from Johns Hopkins University and Stanford University.

Source: Michigan State University

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