Carried like stowaways in the guts of international travelers, new and potentially deadly strains of antimicrobial resistant superbugs may be coming to a community near you, according to a new study.
“Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, we knew that international travel was contributing to the rapid global increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance,” says Alaric D’Souza, an MD/PhD student at Washington University in St. Louis. “But what’s new here is that we’ve found numerous completely novel genes associated with antimicrobial resistance that suggest a worrisome problem on the horizon.”
The research confirms that international travelers often return home with an unexpected bounty of new bacterial strains jostling for position among the thousands that normally reside within the gut microbiome.
Poverty, poor sanitation, and changing agricultural practices have turned many low-income, developing regions into hot spots for diseases spread by bacteria, including infections that are increasingly resistant to a range of antibiotic drug treatments.
High-population densities make it easy for these bacteria to be shared among community residents and travelers through exposure to contaminated drinking water and food, or poorly sanitized restrooms, restaurants, hotel rooms, and public transportation. Back at home, travelers run the risk of transferring these novel bacteria to family, friends, and other community residents.
Broader surveillance needed
The research, conducted with Maastricht University in the Netherlands, involved analyzing bacterial communities in the gut microbiomes of 190 Dutch adults before and after travel to one of four international regions where the prevalence of resistance genes is high: Southeastern Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and Eastern Africa.
Researchers randomly selected and analyzed fecal samples from a larger, multicenter investigation of about 2,000 Dutch travelers, the majority of whom were tourists, known as the Carriage Of Multi-resistant Bacteria After Travel (COMBAT) study.
“We found significant travel-related increases in the acquisition of resistance genes, abundance, and diversity encoded by bacteria that are endemic to the region visited,” says D’Souza, lead author of the paper in the journal Genome Medicine.
“These findings provide strong support for international travel as a vector for the global spread of clinically important antimicrobial resistance genes and highlight the need for broader surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the gut microbiomes of returning travelers.”
Co-senior authors John Penders, a medical microbiologist at Maastricht University, and Gautam Dantas, professor of pathology and immunology at Washington University designed the study. Manish Boolchandani, a member of the Dantas Lab during the research and a 2020 graduate of the university’s doctoral program in computational and systems biology, is also a first author of the paper.
High-risk resistance superbugs on the move
The World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other agencies have described the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance as one of the most serious public health threats now facing the world—a looming medical catastrophe that could outweigh the chaos created by the COVID-19 pandemic.
“While previous studies have scanned travelers’ stool samples for well-known antimicrobial resistant bacteria, we used a combination of whole metagenome shotgun sequencing and functional metagenomics to identify both known and novel genes that code for antimicrobial resistance,” Dantas says.
More traditional genomic techniques look for distinctive genetic signatures of individual pathogens. But such tests can only find known pathogens, while metagenomic sequencing can identify all organisms present in a given sample: good bacteria, dangerous bacteria, and even those that are completely new.
In all, the researchers detected 121 antimicrobial resistance genes across the gut microbiomes of the 190 Dutch travelers. More than 40% of these resistance genes (51 of them) were only discovered using the more sensitive metagenomics technique, suggesting that the more conventional approaches are missing potentially dangerous genes.
Equally concerning, the study’s results confirmed that 56 unique antimicrobial resistance genes had become part of the travelers’ gut microbiomes during their trips abroad, including several mobile, high-risk resistance genes, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and the plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene, mcr-1.
Resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is emerging worldwide and confers broad resistance to treatment by penicillins and other important antibiotics.
The mcr-1 genes protect bacteria from another antimicrobial drug called colistin, which is the last-resort treatment for infections by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. If colistin resistance spreads to bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics, those bacteria could cause truly untreatable infections, the CDC has warned.
International travelers bring superbugs home
Because metagenomic analysis allows researchers to study all the bacteria and genes in a collection of gut microbiome samples as one large mixed community of organisms, it also provides opportunity to explore complex ecological interactions between these organisms.
While bacteria may slowly evolve resistance from repeated exposures to antibiotics over time, diverse bacterial communities also share antimicrobial resistance genes through a more rapid process known as horizontal transfer, usually via the exchange of mobile genetic elements that allow snippets of DNA to jump from one bacterium to another.
“Since genes that code for resistance to different classes of antibiotics are often located on the same mobile elements, a single horizontal exchange has the potential to convert bacteria previously susceptible to antibiotics into a multi-drug resistant organism,” Dantas says.
Researchers also used metagenomic techniques to piece together important contextual information about resistance gene location and function.
“There was significant association of resistance genes with mobile genetic elements, a primary way that resistance genes spread among bacteria,” D’Souza says. “Though our study was unable to demonstrate resistance genes are carried by pathogenic bacteria, it’s clear that this is possible. Additionally, international travelers have the potential to introduce resistance genes into their own communities when they return home, and future studies directly addressing this possibility are a priority.”
“Identifying new antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes could play an important role in slowing the global spread of resistance and guide potential treatments for related diseases,” Dantas says. “Our study lays the groundwork for those efforts by offering new insight into the genetic mechanisms that underlie the rapid acquisition and sharing of antimicrobial resistance genes across people’s gut microbiomes during international travel.”
Funding for the study comes from the Dutch Research Council, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program of the US Department of Defense, the Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Foundation, the Institutional Program Unifying Population and Laboratory-Based Sciences Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the National Research Service Award Medical Scientist.
Source: Washington University in St. Louis
“Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, we knew that international travel was contributing to the rapid global increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance,” says Alaric D’Souza. “But what’s new here is that we’ve found numerous completely novel genes associated with antimicrobial resistance that suggest a worrisome problem on the horizon.”
The post International travelers carry ‘superbug’ stowaways appeared first on Futurity.
from Futurity https://ift.tt/2RKxrvo
No comments:
Post a Comment